Roma A Brief
History
The founding of Rome goes back to
the very early days of civilization. It is so old, it is today known as 'the
eternal city'. The Romans believed that their city was founded in the year 753
BC. Modern historians though believe it was the year 625 BC.
Rome knew four classes of people.
This division was very important to the Romans.
The lowest class were the slaves. They were owned by other people. They had no rights at all.
The next class were the plebeians. They were free people. But they had little say at all.
The second highest class were the equestrians (sometimes they are called the 'knights'). Their name means the 'riders', as they were given a horse to ride if they were called to fight for Rome. To be an equestrian you had to be rich.
The highest class were the nobles of Rome. They were called 'patricians'. All the real power in Rome lay with them.
The lowest class were the slaves. They were owned by other people. They had no rights at all.
The next class were the plebeians. They were free people. But they had little say at all.
The second highest class were the equestrians (sometimes they are called the 'knights'). Their name means the 'riders', as they were given a horse to ride if they were called to fight for Rome. To be an equestrian you had to be rich.
The highest class were the nobles of Rome. They were called 'patricians'. All the real power in Rome lay with them.
The Roman Republic was a very
successful government. It lasted from 510 BC until 23 BC - almost 500 years. In
comparison the United States of America only exist since 1776 - less than 250
years.
The greatest challenge the Roman
Republic faced was that of the Carthaginians. Carthage was a very powerful
city in North Africa which, much like Rome, controlled its own empire. The
fight between the two sides was a long one and took place on land and on sea.
The most famous incident came when the great Carthaginian general Hannibal crossed the mountain chain of the Alps to the north of Italy with all his troops, including his war-elephants !, and invaded Italy. Though Rome in the end won and Carthage was completely destroyed in the year 146 BC. |
Rome's most famous citizen was no
doubt Julius Caesar. He was a Roman politician and general who, without
having any orders to do so, conquered the vast territory of the Gauls to the
north of his province in France.
In the year 49 BC Caesar crossed the small river between his province and Italy, called the river Rubicon, and conquered Rome itself which he then ruled as a dictator. His military campaigns also took him to Egypt where he met the famous Cleopatra. His life though was ended as he was infamously murdered in the senate in Rome. So famous and respected was Caesar that a month of the year is still named after him and his heirs today, July (after Julius Caesar). Also the great English poet Shakespeare wrote a famous play called Julius Caesar about his famous murder. |
After
Caesar followed the many emperors of Rome - and there were truly very many of
them.
So, here are some of the most famous ones. |
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Augustus
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Rome's first emperor. He also
added many territories to the empire.
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Claudius
|
He conquered Britain.
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Nero
|
He was insane. He murdered his
mother and his wife and threw thousands of Christians to the lions.
|
Titus
|
Before he was emperor he destroyed
the great Jewish temple of Solomon in Jerusalem.
|
Trajan
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He was a great conqueror. Under
his rule the empire reached its greatest extent.
|
Hadrian
|
He built 'Hadrian's Wall' in the
north of Britain to shield the province from the northern barbarians.
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Diocletian
|
He split the empire into two
pieces - a western and an eastern empire.
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Constantine
|
He was the first Christian
emperor. He united the empire again chose his capital to be the small town
Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople.
|
Romulus Augustus
|
He was the last emperor of Rome,
nicknamed Augustulus which means 'little Augustus'.
|
Justinian
|
He was the last 'great' emperor.
He conquered many territories, created the 'Justinian Code' and built the
fantastic church Santa Sophia.
|
Constantine XI
|
The last emperor of
Constantinople. He died defending his great city against the Turks.
|
The Roman empire in the end was
overrun by millions of barbarians from the north and east of Europe. It is
believed to have happened two or three times in history that huge migrations
took place across Europe, where peoples moved to settle in new territories.
The great migration proved too much for the Romans to stem. Their armies were
designed to defeat other armies, not entire folks and peoples flooding toward
them. The collapse was completed when Rome itself was conquered by the
Visigoth Odoacer and his men in the year AD 476.
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But what is generally referred to as
'the Fall of Rome' doesn't include the eastern empire. This, with its centre in
Constantinople, managed to cling on for almost another thousand years until it
was eventually conquered by the Turks under their leader Mohammed II in the
year AD 1453.
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